今天呢,我們主要探討一下如何從coherence and cohesion(一致與銜接)的角度提高作文的分?jǐn)?shù),增加文章的邏輯性。
首先我們來(lái)看一下官方對(duì)一致與銜接提出的要求:
9分:
uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention
skillfully manages paragraphing
8分:
sequences information and ideas logically
manages all aspects of cohesion well
uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately
7分:
logically organizes information and ideas;there is clear progression throughout
uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use
6分:
arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression
uses cohesive devices effectively,but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical
may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
仔細(xì)閱讀完官方要求我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),所謂的邏輯性和文章的銜接,絕不是簡(jiǎn)單的firstly;secondly…觀點(diǎn)的羅列,而是要在無(wú)形中表達(dá)出前后文的聯(lián)系。下面,我們來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)一下增加文章邏輯性的小竅門(mén)。
一.銜接詞法
給文章添加銜接詞,是最直觀同學(xué)們掌握的方法,通過(guò)邏輯銜接詞,可以最清晰的表明前后句和前后段的關(guān)系。常用的邏輯銜接詞有:
表示并列:in addition;similarly;likewise;as well as;besides;furthermore;moreover
表示順序:first;initially;secondly;next;following this;afterward
表示結(jié)果:as a result;thus;therefore;consequently;in that case;admittedly
表示轉(zhuǎn)折:however;on the other hand;despite;in spite of;though;
表示原因:since;because;due to;owing to;the reason why
二.代詞指代
寫(xiě)文章的時(shí)候,如果我們需要重復(fù)提到同一個(gè)名詞,我們可以利用代詞來(lái)指代前文提到的對(duì)象,這樣既可以避免語(yǔ)言的重復(fù),又可以加強(qiáng)前后文的邏輯性;我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子:
The consumption of chicken overtook the consumption of lamb in 1980 and the consumption of beef in 1989。
整個(gè)句子寫(xiě)出來(lái),大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)consumption出現(xiàn)了三次特別啰嗦??脊偈窃趺磶氲哪?考官在這個(gè)用了that做替換。
The consumption of chicken overtook that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989。
其中that既代替了consumption避免了語(yǔ)言的重復(fù)。又起到了很好的指代作用,指代前端的consumption。文章的前后銜接性也因此增強(qiáng)了。
三.立場(chǎng)一致
我們來(lái)看一道例題:Volunteer work organized by middle schools brings more benefits than problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree?
如果文章整體論證的內(nèi)容為年輕人應(yīng)該去做義工,而開(kāi)頭段論述觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候說(shuō)成了“做義工雖然有好處,但是它優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)”,那么和主體部分論述內(nèi)容就不一致了,所以同學(xué)們一定要注意立場(chǎng)和論述的一致性。
以上就是為同學(xué)們提供的,增加文章邏輯性的方法,同學(xué)們可以讀一些范文,觀察一下考官對(duì)于代詞,銜接詞的使用,以及文章中心句和對(duì)于論點(diǎn)的展開(kāi),從而加深對(duì)于這些方法的理解,同學(xué)們趕快實(shí)踐起來(lái)吧